多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化快速热解生物质制芳烃

采用酸和/或碱处理法制备了一系列多级孔HZSM-5分子筛，采用XRD、N₂吸附、XRF、TEM、²⁷Al MAS NMR和NH₃-TPD等表征手段对其孔道结构和酸性进行表征。表征结果表明，采用碱处理方法，可获得孔径集中于3~6 nm的介孔结构，通过改变酸、碱处理次序，可调变酸中心数量和强酸/总酸中心比例。在Py-GC/MS装置上，以纤维素和水稻秸秆为原料，研究多级孔分子筛结构对催化快速热解（CFP）制芳烃反应的影响。反应评价结果表明，同商品级HZSM-5相比，采用先碱后酸处理获得的多级孔HZSM-5分子筛（HZ-OH/H），可将纤维素CFP芳烃碳产率由32.3%提高至43.6%，可将水稻秸秆CFP芳烃碳产率由23.0%提高至30.8%。多级孔HZ-OH/H分子筛的孔道结构和酸中心分布特征，对开发应用于生物质制芳烃的高效工业催化剂具有借鉴意义。     

Improving physicochemical characteristics and anaerobic digestion performance of rice straw via ammonia pretreatment at varying concentrations and moisture levels

Rice straw physicochemical characteristics and anaerobic digestion(AD) performance via ammonia pretreatment at varying ammonia concentrations(2%, 4%, and 6%) and moisture contents(30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%)under a mild condition were investigated. The results showed that the ammonia pretreatment effectively damaged the rice straw structure, increased the soluble organic concentration, and improved rice straw hydrolysis and AD performance. After pretreatment, the ester bond and ether bond were ruptured in lignocellulose and the volatile fatty acids(VFAs) were within the range of 1457.81–1823.67 mg·L~(-1). In addition, ammonia pretreatment had high selectivity on lignin removal, resulting in a maximum lignin removal rate of 50.80%. The highest methane yield of rice straw was 250.34 ml·(g VS)~(-1) at a 4% ammonia concentration coupled with a 70% moisture content, which was 28.55% higher than that of the control. The result showed that ammonia pretreatment of rice straw is technically suitable to enhance AD performance for further application.     

Optimization of biohydrogen production using acid pretreated corn stover hydrolysate followed by nickel nanoparticle addition

The dilute acid hydrolysis using corn stover (CS) to produce reducible sugars was optimized by the response surface methodology. The electron-equivalent balances of the main metabolites during the dark fermentation (DF) using acid hydrolysate were investigated to identify the evolutions of the electron sinks over the course of DF. The additions of nickel ion and Ni⁰ nanoparticles (NPs) were found to effectively enhance the hydrogen production at experimental conditions. The optimal condition (HCl 2.5 wt%, hydrolyzing duration 105 minutes, pH=5, S/B=3.5, Ni⁰ NPs=10 mg/L^-1) was achieved with Y_H2/S reaching 1.18 (mol.mol^-1-glucose). The Y_H2/S increased from 0.7 (mol.mol^-1-glucose) to 1.18 (mol.mol^-1-glucose) reaching 40% hydrogen yield increase when Ni⁰ NPs was added to the fermentation broth. Among the investigated significant soluble metabolites, the butyric acid was found to serve as the largest e-sink in the electron-equivalent balance. The additions of Ni⁰ NPs at low level (below 10 mg/L) were found to appreciably increase the hydrogen production. The increased pH and substrate to biomass ratio were found to skew the metabolic balance from hydrogen production to the biosynthesis (an increase of biomass). The proposed anaerobic digestion model with consideration of the inhibitory factors model presents a good agreement with the experimental data. The chemical addition such as nickel ions, Ni⁰ NPs was found to be a practical approach in enhancing biohydrogen production using CS acid hydrolysate as cultivation broth.     

基于滚动摩擦作用下玉米颗粒在模拟筒仓卸料中的力链分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

针对颗粒滚动摩擦作用对筒仓中玉米颗粒的力链空间分布进行研究，通过EDEM离散元软件建立筒仓模型与仿真玉米颗粒模型进行卸粮仿真模拟，并与筒仓卸料实验作流态对比，验证模型与仿真结果的准确性。通过对模拟仓进行切片观察和数据处理，对比分析了不同摩擦情况下力链的细观参数随时间演化规律。模拟结果表明：颗粒间摩擦系数越大，卸粮完成的最终时间越长；颗粒间滚动摩擦系数越小，颗粒由整体流转变为管状流的时间越早。对于有漏斗的筒仓来说，减小颗粒间摩擦会改变整体流和管状流之间的极限，从而增加产生管状流的面积。标准滚动摩擦系数下玉米颗粒在卸料过程中会出现起拱-塌陷效应；减小滚动摩擦，玉米颗粒卸料较稳定，未出现起拱的应力突增、以及拱塌陷的应力衰减；增大颗粒间滚动摩擦不但会增加拱效应，且出现成拱高度距离漏斗口更高。     

赤泥对玉米秸秆催化热解生物油的影响规律研究

将经过不同温度煅烧的赤泥与玉米秸秆按照一定质量比混合，在500℃下进行催化热解实验，研究赤泥对玉米秸秆生物油组成的影响规律。经TG-DTG和XRD分析发现：600℃煅烧后赤泥（RM600）中含水矿物失水，1 000℃煅烧后赤泥（RM1000）中碳酸盐类化合物分解完全，并且发生了烧结反应。对生物油进行GC/MS分析发现：经过干燥的赤泥（RM）和600℃煅烧的赤泥对羧酸酮基化反应具有明显促进作用，酸类的量降低，酮类的量相应增加，同时对呋喃类的生成也有促进作用。其中，干燥赤泥降酸作用更明显，玉米秸秆与赤泥质量比1：5时，生物油中酸类的量由未添加赤泥时的23.85%降至0.90%。此外，2种赤泥对糖类和醛类都有抑制作用，而1 000℃煅烧的赤泥发生烧结反应，催化作用大幅降低，对生物油组分影响较小。     

The efficient lignocellulose-based sorbent for oil spill treatment from polyurethane and agricultural residue of Vietnam

In this study, new and efficient sorbent with density 0.2 g/cm³ was fabricated by incorporating rice straw into polyurethane matrix to get an open cell structure material with high oil uptake capacity. The influences of various important factors such as amount of adding rice straw, size of rice straw particles, and adsorption time on oil adsorption capacity of new sorbent material were investigated. The results showed that the oil absorption rate occurred fast in first 15–30 min, then slowed down and reached saturation level after about 2 h of treatment. Oil adsorption capacity of the new sorbent material was relatively high, up to 12.0 g/g. In comparison with pristine polyurethane or lignocellulosic materials, the new sorbents had higher oil adsorption capacity. Some characteristics of the as-obtained sorbent, such as surface shapes and porosity, were also studied by SEM analysis.     

汽爆秸秆对磷矿粉溶解作用及其溶解残渣对小麦生长的影响

为探究生物质对磷矿粉的溶解作用，以玉米秸秆为原料，利用蒸汽爆破（汽爆）技术释放有机酸，在高温水热条件下溶解磷矿粉并制备含磷腐殖酸。通过实验对汽爆秸秆溶解磷矿粉工艺进行了探究及优化，并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）进行分析和表征。研究结果表明：15 g汽爆秸秆与1 g磷矿粉以及75 mL水在170℃、加入10% CaCl₂的条件下，反应3 h的溶磷量为1.46 mg/g（以秸秆质量计，下同）。加入与磷矿粉相同质量的NaHSO₄后可使体系pH值降低至2，pH值的降低是磷溶出的关键因素，溶磷量提高为13.10 mg/g。溶磷后的秸秆制备腐殖酸作为小麦盆栽肥料，用量0.2%时，小麦株高、根长、叶绿素含量和相对电导率均显著高于空白组。     

菱苦土稻草碎料纤维板的应用研究

从我国农业秸杆产量大，利用率低，木材供应紧张的现实出发，指出了研制稻草增强的轻质高强菱镁制品的意义。通过实验研究，探索了原材料配比对菱镁制品性能的影响；利用物理化学的新理论，新方法极有成效地改善了菱镁制品返卤泛霜的现象，研究结果对指导菱镁制品的生产、扩大其应用领域具有重要意义。     

草浆黑液的化学改性和作为混凝土减水剂的应用

采用催化氧化再磺化工艺制备了水溶性草浆黑液木质素磺酸盐(SBT-LSN)混凝土减水剂。混凝土试验结果表明,经磺化改性后的产品分散性能得到明显改善,在0.25%掺量下,混凝土减水率达11.4%,含气量为4%,有一定的缓凝作用;对混凝土抗压强度有较大的提高,3d和28d抗压强度比分别达125%和110%,对混凝土早期强度的改善更明显。其适宜的掺量范围为水泥含量的0.1%～0.5%,适合于配制C40(及以下)中低强度混凝土。     

典型东北可持续村镇的能量平衡分析

通过实地调查、软件模拟对本溪黄柏峪——草砖房村镇的能源需求量进行预测，对当地资源做出评估，并对该地区生态规划做出总能量平衡分析。通过对可再生能源供应模式及技术的先进性选择，提出了三种能源供应实施方案和优化建议，实现了资源的当地化和能源可持续发展。